Characterization of Adobe and Bahareque Constructions in the Cities of Cartago and Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica

Abstract

This paper is part of the research project titled "Seismic Earth: Physical and Mechanical Analysis and Characterization of Adobe and Bahareque Construction Systems in the Historic Centers of Cartago and Santo Domingo de Heredia as a Starting Point for Seismic-Resistant Adaptation". This architectural heritage presents significant challenges for conservation, primarily due to its vulnerability to seismic activity and adverse climatic conditions, as well as the limited public perception of its cultural value and the impact of ongoing urban transformations in both cities. Given this context, this study aims to identify existing earthen buildings and highlight aspects related to their typological configuration to support their recognition and heritage valorization. The methodology combined archival research, cartographic analysis, fieldwork, and architectural inventory. The study areas were delineated using historical maps, and the architectural and construction characteristics of the buildings were documented through a standardized survey form. As a result, 126 buildings were recorded across both cities, and six formal typologies were identified based on their siting and relationship to the urban layout. These findings contribute to a better understanding of earthen construction within the historic urban fabric and offer a foundation for developing conservation and adaptation strategies suited to seismic contexts. In conclusion, the study reveals that earthen architecture in both areas reflects context-specific adaptations shaped by each urban center's historical, social, and environmental dynamics.