Comprehensive hygiene strategies against healthcare-associated infections caused by Clostridioides difficile

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium. Clostridioides difficile infection ranges from mild diarrhea to fatal pseudomembranous colitis. It is currently the most prevalent and costly healthcare-associated infection, contributing to 17 % of deaths. Infection in hospitals is diagnosed after three days of hospitalization. Globally, Clostridioides difficile infection is a serious problem that affects patient safety and the quality of healthcare. A narrative review was conducted to synthesize the available evidence on healthcare-associated Clostridioides difficile infections and the comprehensive hygiene strategies described for their prevention and control. The search was conducted in the Medline, Lilacs, and SciELO databases. Original articles and narrative reviews published between 2020 and 2025 in English and Spanish were included. Studies showed that hand hygiene and rigorous environmental cleaning are essential to reduce the transmission of Clostridioides difficile. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach that includes the use of sporicides, appropriate administration of antimicrobials, and training of healthcare personnel.