Tree structure and local knowledge about shade management in agroforestry systems with cacao

Abstract

The cultivation of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nicaragua has a long history linked to local culture and economy, especially on the North Caribbean Coast, where it has become one of the main agroforestry crops. The research was conducted in the community of El Hormiguero, municipality of Siuna, from a quantitative, descriptive perspective. Data was collected through surveys, observation, and semi-structured interviews to evaluate the practices and technologies applied in agroforestry systems with cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). The study was carried out on 15 farms using surveys validated by the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE by its Spanish acronym) and field observation. Variables related to planting density, shade levels, tree species composition, pest and disease incidence, fertilization, and cacao reproduction methods were analyzed. The results indicate that 92% of the plantations have a density of 625 plants per manzana (approximately 1.7 acres); 46% have varied shade with fruit, timber, and legume species; and optimal shade levels (30–50%) are found in 23.1% of the farms. The incidence of Monilia (Moniliophthora roreri) and black pod rot (Phytophthora sp.) was less than 5% in over 60% of cases, associated with proper shade management and organic fertilization. It is concluded that the implementation of successful local practices, such as the use of clones and grafts, progressive shade management, and combined fertilization, contributes to improving the productivity and sustainability of cacao agroforestry systems.