Newton and electromagnetism: an electromagnetic paradox in the newtonian era

Abstract

In the late 19th century, physics faced one of the most significant crises in its history due to the limitations of classical mechanics in explaining phenomena related to the propagation of light and electromagnetism. In this context, the Michelson-Morley experiment called into question the existence of the luminiferous aether by demonstrating that the speed of light remained constant regardless of the Earth’s motion. Subsequently, Albert Einstein formulated the magnet-and-conductor paradox, demonstrating that the relative motion between the two generated an electric current even though the physical explanation varied depending on the reference frame used. This paper examines this curious situation by considering Newtonian relativity and the theory of electromagnetism, highlighting their key role in the birth of the Special Theory of Relativity. In addition, a real-world experiment using simple materials such as a magnet, wire, and multimeter is described in detail to demonstrate in practice how electromagnetic induction is generated. Finally, the paper considers how useful these experiments are for teaching physics and helping students understand difficult concepts through hands-on, real-life activities. In an educational context, analyzing the magnet-and-conductor paradox helps students understand the evolution of scientific thought, allowing them to connect the principles of classical mechanics, electromagnetism, and relativity as part of a historical process of constructing physical knowledge.