Architectural visualization tools applied to the analysis and preservation of immovable cultural heritage

Abstract

Immovable cultural heritage faces an imminent risk of progressive deterioration and the potential irretrievable loss of its historical legacy. This situation is exacerbated by the notable absence of clear and reliable technical documentation for the systematic study and effective dissemination of these works. Despite existing legal frameworks, there remains a significant gap in the knowledge and application of heritage documentation and diagnostic tools. The objective of this documentary review article was to identify the effectiveness, limitations, and applicability of architectural visualization tools in the preservation of cultural heritage. This study was framed within a qualitative systematic critical review, using the PRISMA-2020 methodology. Databases from Scopus, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, MDPI, Dialnet, Revista Científica UVP, and gray literature sources such as thesis, CIPA proceedings, and UNESCO reports were reviewed. Twenty-two articles on the subject were identified, and 16 studies were analyzed using the selection criteria. The main results confirm that digital architectural representation is crucial for documentation (graphic memory) and the generation of critical knowledge. Likewise, techniques such as morphological analysis are vital for defining ideal reconstruction states, and documentation using lithotypes is essential for proper restoration. This review article identified significant limitations, mainly the absence of global standards for documenting uncertainties in virtual reconstructions and the difficulty of sharing complex models. As a practical implication, architectural visualization facilitates detailed recording that helps mitigate potential historical loss. It is recommended to promote international standards for managing uncertainties and to adopt informative digital models such as HBIM (Historic Building Information Modeling or infographic models) to ensure comprehensive and traceable heritage management.