Investigating and evaluation of the indicators affecting development of child- friendly cultural complexes with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces (case study: Shiraz) Investigación y evaluación de los indicadores que afectan el desarrollo de complejos culturales amigables con la infancia con un enfoque de reconciliación con los espacios históricos (estudio de caso: Shiraz)

The present study aims to investigate the indicators of a child-friendly city and to introduce strategies for designing child-friendly spaces and centers with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces, in order to advance the city toward a child-friendly city and promote its goals. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, applied in terms of purpose, and combined (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of method. This study was conducted in a historical context in Shiraz for children aged 4 to 12 years. In order for location finding and selecting the desired site, the factors were extracted based on theoretical foundations, and according to SWOT table, the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats of the three sites were analyzed. Finally, using AHP tool, site number 1 was considered as the most suitable site for designing the complex. Then, using quantitative method, the information and factors were analyzed according to the theoretical framework including spatial, physical, and functional factors affecting improvement of quality of the environment, including 21 indicators in the form of 5-point Likert scale from very high to very low using SPSS software. According to the information obtained about the spatial factor of “shape and size of the space” indicator, the physical factor of “color” index and the physical factor of “fantasy” index had the greatest impact on designing children’s cultural center with an approach to reconciliation with Shiraz’s historical spaces. In the end, according to investigations of the theoretical foundations and theories of theorists and the obtained results, architectural solutions and ideas affecting the designing of complexes were presented in the form of solutions for using light, color, geometry and proportions, nature, and shape and size of the space.


INTRODUCTION
Children are the most sensitive and affected age group in society; and in the most sensitive and important years of their lives, that is, when the foundations of their personality, mental, physical, and social development are formed until the time they enter the city, they need to experience social life in their own scale. This requires provision of a child-friendly and intimate space; a space away from hustle and bustle of the larger world, a world full of joy with beautiful colors in which children will have the opportunity to express new thoughts and nurture and develop their talents, and an appropriate ground will be provided for children's creativity (Hosseinpour & Najafi , 2012). In the past, although no special space was considered for children, but due to closer and more compatible styles of architecture and urban development with the climate, nature, culture, and general conditions of traditional societies, children could easily find their specific and required position, space, and territory (Behroozfar, 2001). Today, advancement of science and communications and its impact on all aspects of life have created changes in children's desires and needs and have led to computer games and the like to replace children's direct understanding of space and gaining natural and social experiences and emergence of disorders in natural process of children's development. Unfortunately, in many cases it can be seen that children's special environments are designed without attention to their actual needs. Therefore, in order to achieve flourishing and creative abilities of children, attention should be paid to creating compatibility between spaces and their needs. Open residential spaces, in addition to providing light of indoor spaces and natural ventilation, are considered as an opportunity for more communication with nature and as places for social interactions. Given the limitations of indoor space of residential units and the traditional history of existence of yards in Iranian life, outdoor space is an opportunity to expand the functions of indoor spaces and link it to the outdoor space (Shafayi & Madani, 2010). Meanwhile, child-friendly cities seek to engage children in shaping their surrounding environment; a practical participation that causes the child's interest and attachment to the city (Ismailzadeh Kovaki & Kiani, 2014). Accordingly, the characteristics of child-friendly cities can be expressed as follows: 1) comfort, safety, and security, 2) linking with nature, 3) linking with history, culture, and collective identity, 4) attractiveness and novelty, 5) readability, 6) access to facilities, 7) existence of institutions and spaces related to children, and 8) paying attention to disabled children (Azmoudeh, 2012). Various parameters can be used in child-friendly cultural complexes. One of these parameters is historical spaces that due to being attractive for children can be used in these complexes. Through these spaces, it is possible to create the necessary culture from the childhood age in order to reconcile with historical spaces as the heritage of the past, because lack of attention to historical spaces and the approach of reconciliation with historical spaces can cause lack of attention to and destruction of historical spaces in the country. Among the indicators of reconciliation approach to historical spaces include correct and innovative use of architectural designs and principles understandable for children in cultural complexes. Historical space refers to all the remnants of the past that have cultural value. These works can include tangible works (such as ancient buildings) or intangible works (such as customs and traditions of a region) that today attempts are made to preserve them for future generations. Efforts to reconcile old physical spaces with modern life, or in other words, to "modernize" historical urban textures and revitalize buildings and textures with appropriate function, emphasizing preservation and survival of "cultural value of place" are of great importance (Mardomi & Ebrahimi, 2013). Accordingly, the present study aims to examine the indicators of a child-friendly city and to introduce strategies for designing child-friendly spaces and centers with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces, in order to advance the city toward a child-friendly city and to promote its goals, such that engaging children in creation of the built environments around them and, as a result, analyzing their views about preservation of historical spaces will be considered more by architects, designers, and urban planners. Observing the above-mentioned indicators in designing the center while acquainting children with historical spaces in cities and other places and making them understand the importance of architecture of historical spaces can bind the next generation to designing more suitable child-friendly spaces. The factors influencing the design of a child-friendly cultural complex can have a significant impact on children's reconciliation with historical spaces. In addition, children as potential social capital of society need attention and care and have a special share in cities and urban spaces. Perhaps the only solution to stop and prevent future urban crises is to empower children through acquainting them with historical spaces and creating innovation in designing the spaces of child-friendly cultural complexes with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces. Therefore, it is necessary that children, through getting acquainted with historical spaces and acquiring the necessary skills, will get ready to manage and live in future cities and attach more importance to preserving historical spaces.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, is applied in terms of purpose, and is combined (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of method. This study was conducted in a historical context in Shiraz for children aged 4 to 12 years. In order for location finding and selecting the desired site to present a child-friendly cultural complex with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces, the factors that were involved in selecting the site of the complex were examined. These criteria were based on analysis of case studies similar to the complex as well as the theoretical foundations mentioned on the factors affecting the research subject. After conducting studies on the selected sites, the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats of the site were analyzed through SWOT table in accordance with the mentioned criteria and factors. Finally, in order to select more accurately, the most appropriate site was evaluated using AHP tool or hierarchical analysis method, by performing a series of weight comparisons of each factor compared to other options. After conducting the examinations, site number 1 was considered as the most suitable site for designing the complex. Then, using quantitative method, a series of information and factors were examined according to the theoretical framework of the research. The statistical population is consisted of a number of people in the community and tourists. The sample size was estimated to be 380 people according to Cochran's formula. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The spatial, physical, and functional factors affecting improvement of quality of the environment consisting of 21 indicators were assessed in the form of 5-point Likert scale from very high to very low. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the opinions of experienced professors of University of Architecture. The alpha coefficient was also estimated to be above 0.7, indicating reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (mean) and inferential statistics (Friedman) in SPSS software.

Criteria for selecting the complex site
The criteria and sub-criteria for location finding of residential lands have been extracted from primary studies of the experts and specialists from the Center for Architectural and Urban Development Studies. These proposed criteria and sub-criteria are proposed as follows: spatial and site value, socio-cultural, economic, land ownership and legal criteria, environmental, land access and location, passive defense, and security. The complex site in question has a special, unique, and relatively new function. Therefore, in addition to the mentioned criteria, based on the approval of various organizations and based on reviewing and analysis of case studies and theoretical foundations, the diagram for the considered criteria is presented in (figure 1).

Selected sites
Based on the stated factors and criteria, three sites in the same region were selected according to their approach and function. (Table 1) shows the location and region of each of the three selected sites.

Site analysis through SWOT method
Then, using SWOT method, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each selected site were examined according to the factors obtained for the complex according to (Tables 2-4).

Analysis of the sites using AHP method or hierarchical analysis
In the first step of this section, using AHP technique, the characteristics considered for the sites were evaluated and weighted using paired comparisons.

Prioritization of the research criteria in site 1
As can be seen in (Figure 2), among the site criteria from the viewpoint of the respondents, accessibility criterion with a coefficient of 0.297 is in the first priority, and the site dimensions and gloss criterion with a coefficient of 0.068 is in the last priority, with a discrepancy rate of 0.10.

Prioritization of the research criteria in site 2
As can be seen in (Figure 3), among the site criteria from the viewpoint of the respondents, accessibility criterion with a coefficient of 0.271 is in the first priority, and the site dimensions and gloss criterion with a coefficient of 0.054 is in the last priority, with a discrepancy rate of 0.09.

Prioritization of the research criteria in site 3
As can be seen in (Figure 4), among the site criteria from the viewpoint of the respondents, accessibility criterion with a coefficient of 0.326 is in the first priority, and the site dimensions and gloss criterion with a coefficient of 0.052 is in the last priority, with a discrepancy rate of 0.09.

Prioritization of the studied sites
As can be seen in (Figure 5), site 1 with a coefficient of 0.571 is in the first priority; site 2 with a coefficient of 0.286 is in the second priority, and site 3 with a weight of 0.143 is the third with a discrepancy rate of 0.000.

Final prioritization of the research criteria
As can be seen (Figure 6), among the research criteria from the respondents' point of view, potential criterion with a weight of 0.301 is in the first priority; access with a weight 0.217 in the second priority; nature with a weight 0.152 in the third priority; dimensions and size with a weight 0.106 in the fourth priority; view with a weight of 0.090 in the fifth priority, coordination with a weight of 0.072 in the sixth priority, and recreational and welfare of the site with a weight of 0.063 is in the last priority, with a discrepancy rate of 0.07.   (Table 5). In this section, a summary of the results of the studies conducted on the articles of researchers who have presented studies in the fields close to the research question is provided in (Table 6).

Common interests and activities
Usually, children become friends through playing with each other. Continuing the relationship leads to expansion of interaction of friendship to situations and interests other than playing. Carrying out joint activities, although is not the most important component of friendship model, but is one of the most important parts of this model.

Commitment and loyalty
Leads to a deeper understanding based on personal experiences and ultimately leads to empathy and trust between children. Loyalty is the goal of mutual friendship while maintaining mutual interests. Mutual understanding More than 30 percent of primary school children have described mutual understanding and loyalty as the characteristics of interaction and friendship between themselves. Equality The place for establishment of balance and equality becomes possible through freedom to communicate and express ideas without fear of others.

The third question:
What are the effects of the factors affecting designing of a child-friendly cultural complex on children's reconciliation with historical spaces? According to the information provided in (Table 7), the variable of spatial factors has the highest mean value. This means that according to the respondents to the questionnaire, spatial factors have the greatest impact on designing children's cultural complex with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces in the city of Shiraz. The second most influential factor is physical factors; and functional factors also have the lowest obtained mean, which means that they have less effect on designing children's cultural complex. According to Tables 8 and 9, given the number obtained for significance level and as it is less than 0.01, it is concluded that Friedman's test of differences of means is significant for the research variables. Simply put, the means obtained for these three variables differ from each other, and respondents to the questionnaire regarding designing of children's cultural complex with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces of Shiraz have different rankings about the studied characteristics (Table 8) and (Table 9). Based on the information obtained on spatial factor, it was observed that the factor of "shape and area of the space" has the greatest impact on designing of children's cultural complex with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces of Shiraz from the viewpoint of respondents to the questionnaire (Table 10). Based on the information obtained on physical factor, it was observed that the factor of "color" has the greatest impact on designing of children's cultural complex with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces of Shiraz from the viewpoint of respondents to the questionnaire (Table 11). Based on the information obtained on functional factor, it was observed that the factor of "fantasy" has the greatest impact on designing of children's cultural complex with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces of Shiraz from the viewpoint of respondents to the questionnaire (Table 12). Examining all questions, it was observed that the factor "shape and area of space" with an average of 4.535 has the greatest impact among the questions on designing of children's cultural complex with an approach to reconciliation with historical spaces of Shiraz.
The solutions for using light in the complex are shown in (Table 13). Here, the most important strategies for use of light in the complex according to the subject's approach can be summarized in (Figure 9). The architectural strategies for use of color are shown in (Table 14). Strategies for use of geometry and proportions in the complex can be summarized in (Figure 10).  (Table 15).  Kingston et al. 1856Kingston et al. -1912 Trust in Form's subordination to function Trust in use of natural forms and organic architecture Gresham & Elliot 1941-1959 Coordination with architectural context, use of natural materials Walter & Of Gilmore 1941 Experiencing and sense of nature in architecture Use of nature and its elements such as light, water, vegetation Marshall 2006 Optimal use of materials and inspiration from features of change, growth, and movement in nature Rochelle 1814Rochelle -1926 Use of natural geometry in architecture Sancar Fahriye & Cansevercan 2010 Architects should use natural laws According to theorists, it can be said that only those strategies for use of nature that deal with the direct relationship between architecture, human, and nature will create vibrancy in cultural environments and ultimately lead to inner peace of children in question and cause establishment of an appropriate relationship between nature and architecture. The most important of these strategies can be seen in (Figure 11). Strategies for use of shape and area of space According to examinations, many features have been introduced for connecting open space to the closed one. So, by analyzing these features a classification is presented for them (Table 16).